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Frequently Asked Questions

Scientific Resources on Stem Cell Therapies

Empowering Patients Through Knowledge: This FAQ section is designed to provide clear and concise answers to the most common questions, covering everything from the fundamentals of stem cell therapy to the specifics of our treatments and protocols.

Regenerative Medicine

Regenerative medicine is a medical discipline focused on supporting the body’s capacity to repair and restore function at the cellular level. Rather than managing symptoms alone, regenerative approaches use biologics such as mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes to modulate inflammation, support immune balance, and promote the body’s natural repair processes. It is a clinically active and evolving field, with applications across musculoskeletal, neurological, immunological, and metabolic conditions.

UC-MSCs (umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells) are allogeneic cells derived from the Wharton’s jelly of donated umbilical cord tissue, collected after healthy full-term births. They are biologically young, immune-privileged, and characterized by their capacity for immunomodulation and paracrine signaling — meaning they work primarily by releasing molecules that regulate inflammation and support tissue repair, rather than by replacing damaged cells directly. UC-MSCs have an extensive safety profile across thousands of clinical applications worldwide.

Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles (30–150 nanometers) released by stem cells. They carry concentrated molecular signals — proteins, growth factors, and genetic material — that influence how neighboring cells behave. Because they are acellular (not living cells), they do not replicate and carry a lower immunological risk profile. At OmniStem, exosomes are derived from UC-MSCs and used to deliver targeted regenerative signals via intravenous infusion, nebulization, or localized application.

PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) and PRGF (Plasma Rich in Growth Factors) are autologous biologics — meaning they are derived from the patient’s own blood. A small blood draw is processed to concentrate platelets and growth factors, which are then injected into targeted areas to support localized tissue repair. At OmniStem, PRP/PRGF is used as a complementary therapy alongside cellular protocols, particularly for joint, spine, hair, and aesthetic applications.

In the U.S., stem cell therapies are FDA-approved mainly for blood and immune disorders, particularly bone marrow transplantation. Current regulations do not allow the expanded use of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for other conditions. For this reason, some patients seek treatment in countries where different regulatory frameworks permit broader applications. 

At present, UC-MSC and exosome treatments are considered investigational and are not typically covered by most insurance plans. 

About OmniStem

OmniStem operates a vertically integrated clinic-and-laboratory ecosystem. This means we control the entire process from biologic origin through manufacturing, quality verification, and clinical delivery — within one facility, under one medical team. Every biologic is verified for sterility, identity, and viability before it is ever administered. All protocols are physician-designed and individually prescribed after comprehensive medical evaluation. We do not operate as a menu-based injection service. We operate as a licensed medical institution with a structured clinical pathway.

OmniStem is a licensed clinical facility operating under Dominican Republic Ministry of Health oversight. Our treatments are administered as clinical practice under physician supervision, not as experimental research. However, we maintain academic collaborations and a research department because we believe responsible clinical practice should be informed by ongoing scientific inquiry.

OmniStem’s clinical team includes licensed physicians specializing in regenerative medicine, supported by specialists in orthopedics, internal medicine, nutrition, physiotherapy, and other disciplines as indicated by individual patient needs. All clinical decisions — including biologic selection, dosing, and protocol design — are made exclusively by licensed physicians.

Treatment & Protocols

After an initial consultation with our Patient Care team, qualified patients proceed to a physician evaluation where the medical team reviews medical history, imaging, laboratory work, and patient goals. Based on this evaluation, the physician designs a personalized protocol. Upon arrival in Punta Cana, patients undergo a preparation phase (which may include detoxification therapies, ozone therapy, and IV nutritional support), followed by the cellular therapy itself, and then a recovery phase with supportive therapies such as HBOT and physiotherapy. Follow-up continues after departure via telemedicine. 

Program duration depends on the physician’s recommendation. Targeted protocols (single joint or maintenance) may require 2–3 days. Comprehensive systemic programs typically span 4–5 days. Some patients choose to extend their stay for additional recovery time. The physician will recommend an appropriate duration based on your protocol.

Primary biologics include UC-MSC stem cells (administered intravenously or via targeted injection) and UC-MSC-derived exosomes (administered via IV infusion, nebulization, or localized application). These are supported by PRP/PRGF, ozone therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, colon hydrotherapy, IV nutrient therapy, physiotherapy, and nutrition optimization. All supportive therapies are integrated into the treatment plan to optimize cellular function and recovery, they are not offered as standalone wellness services.

Potentially, but this must be evaluated by the physician. Certain medications, particularly corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and some anti-inflammatory drugs, may need to be paused before and after treatment to avoid interfering with the biological response. Never adjust your current medications without consulting both your existing physician and the OmniStem medical team.

There is no fixed upper age limit. Eligibility is determined by overall health status, medical history, and clinical goals, not by chronological age. The physician assesses candidacy on an individual basis during evaluation.

Safety & Risks

UC-MSC therapy has an extensive safety profile across thousands of clinical applications globally. At OmniStem, safety is reinforced by our controlled manufacturing environment: every biologic undergoes verification for sterility, identity, and viability before release, with complete donor-to-patient traceability. All protocols are physician-designed and medically supervised. That said, no medical procedure is entirely without risk. The most commonly reported effects are mild and transient, including localized soreness at injection sites, temporary fatigue, or low-grade fever. The physician will discuss any specific considerations relevant to your situation during your evaluation.

Possible risks include temporary inflammation at injection sites, mild fatigue or flu-like symptoms in the days following treatment, and rare allergic reactions. Individual response varies based on overall health status, the condition being addressed, and the specific protocol administered. Serious adverse events are rare but will be discussed with you in detail during the physician consultation and informed consent process.

All biologics at OmniStem originate within our controlled ecosystem. Donor tissue is obtained with documented informed consent following comprehensive screening for infectious diseases and risk factors. Manufacturing follows Good Manufacturing Practice principles. Every batch is verified for sterility, identity, and viability before release. We maintain complete donor-to-patient traceability for every biologic administered, meaning we can account for every step from tissue origin to clinical delivery.

Results & Expectations

Results vary significantly from patient to patient. Factors that influence response include the severity and duration of the underlying condition, overall health, biological age, lifestyle factors, and individual biological variation. Many patients report meaningful improvements in function, mobility, energy, and quality of life. Some patients experience changes within weeks; for others, full effects develop progressively over 3–12 months. We do not promise specific outcomes — and we would encourage caution toward any provider that does.

Durability varies by individual and by indication. Some patients experience sustained benefits for extended periods. Others may benefit from periodic maintenance protocols. The physician will discuss realistic expectations for your specific situation, including the potential role of follow-up treatments if appropriate.

Not every patient responds in the same way, and we cannot guarantee outcomes. What we can ensure is that you receive verified biologics, physician-designed protocols, and structured medical oversight designed to give you the best possible conditions for a meaningful response. If you are exploring regenerative medicine, we believe transparency about realistic expectations is more valuable than promises.

Yes. Following treatment, patients are advised to avoid alcohol, tobacco, and strenuous physical activity for at least one week. The physician will provide specific dietary and recovery guidelines tailored to your protocol. Scheduled follow-up consultations, typically via telemedicine, are part of every treatment plan to monitor response and adjust recommendations as needed.

Regulatory & Legal

In the United States, expanded allogeneic stem cell products are regulated as biologic drugs and generally require FDA approval pathways. The therapies offered at OmniStem are not FDA-approved for the indications described on this website. OmniStem operates in the Dominican Republic under Ministry of Health licensing and oversight, within a regulatory framework that permits the clinical use of these therapies under appropriate medical supervision. We do not make FDA approval claims.
Yes. OmniStem operates as a fully licensed medical facility under Dominican Republic law, with Ministry of Health oversight governing both our clinical operations and our biologics laboratory. Regenerative medicine regulations vary by jurisdiction. Many patients travel internationally to access therapies that are permitted in certain regulatory environments but not yet approved in their home country. This is a personal medical decision that each patient makes in consultation with their physicians.
Regulatory frameworks for regenerative medicine differ across countries. In some jurisdictions, the clinical use of expanded allogeneic stem cells is permitted under medical oversight. Patients who have exhausted conventional options, or who wish to explore regenerative approaches not available in their home country, may choose to travel to access these therapies. OmniStem provides a licensed, physician-led clinical environment with vertically integrated biologics manufacturing and concierge-level patient coordination designed specifically for international patients.

Cost & Financial

Treatment programs at OmniStem typically range from USD $4,500 to $25,000, depending on the condition, protocol complexity, biologic selection, and supportive therapies included. A single-joint protocol will differ significantly in scope and cost from a comprehensive multi-day systemic program. Pricing is not fixed because every protocol is individually designed after physician evaluation. We provide a realistic orientation range during your initial consultation, with final pricing confirmed after the physician determines what is medically appropriate.

At present, UC-MSC and exosome therapies are generally not covered by insurance plans, as they are considered outside of standard-of-care protocols in most jurisdictions. OmniStem can provide detailed documentation of treatment for patients who wish to submit claims to their insurance provider, though reimbursement is not guaranteed.

A deposit is required to secure your treatment dates. Our Patient Care team can discuss payment logistics during the consultation process. We never pressure patients into financial commitments, this is a significant investment and we encourage patients to make decisions that feel appropriate for their situation.

Travel & Logistics

OmniStem’s primary facility is located in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. The clinic is situated within one of the Caribbean’s most established medical and tourism infrastructure corridors, with direct international flights from most major North American and European cities.

Once your protocol is confirmed, our Concierge team coordinates every detail: airport transfers, private transportation, hotel or villa accommodation, clinical scheduling, and any additional arrangements. Patients are supported from arrival through departure. Accommodation options include partner hotels such as Four Points by Sheraton, The Westin Punta Cana, and private villa options within the Punta Cana area.

While not required, many patients choose to travel with a companion for comfort and support. Our Concierge team accommodates companions and can arrange additional activities or excursions during non-treatment hours.

Patients should bring all relevant medical records, imaging studies, and a current medication list. Comfortable clothing for clinical visits and the recovery period is recommended. Detailed pre-arrival instructions are provided after your protocol is confirmed.

Scientific References

Our reference library highlights peer-reviewed studies on stem cell and exosome therapies. Each citation links to original research, allowing you to explore how leading institutions are studying safety, mechanisms, and potential applications in regenerative medicine.

Intravenous umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (UC-MSC) therapy has been studied in neurological, immune-related and cardiac, conditions, UC-MSCs are cells from donated umbilical cords that may help regulate inflammation and support repair. Evidence is most developed in cerebral palsy, steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD; a serious immune reaction after transplant), and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (how well the heart pumps).

Published Articles:

1. Safety and Efficacy of the Intravenous Infusion of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Patients With Heart Failure: A Phase 1/­2 Randomized Controlled Trial (RIMECARD Trial [Randomized Clinical Trial of Intravenous Infusion Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Cardiopathy]).
Bartolucci J, Verdugo FJ, González PL, et al. Circulation Research.
2017;121(10):1192-1204. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.310712.

2. Clinical Feasibility of Umbilical Cord Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
Riordan NH, Morales I, Fernández G, et al. Journal of Translational Medicine.
2018;16(1):57. doi:10.1186/s12967-018-1433-7.

3. Therapeutic Evidence of Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation for Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.
Gu J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al.
Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 2020;11(1):43. doi:10.1186/s13287-019-1545-x.

4. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Emerging Therapeutic Approach.
Gomes A, Coelho P, Soares R, Costa R. Cell and Tissue Research.
2021;385(3):497-518. doi:10.1007/s00441-021-03461-4.

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Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell–derived exosomes (U-MSC-EXOs) are tiny packages released by cells that carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (the cell’s instruction molecules). They help cells “talk” to each other (intercellular communication). Preclinical studies and some early clinical work suggest U-MSC-EXOs can calm inflammation, adjust immune activity, combat oxidative stress (cell damage from reactive oxygen), and support tissue repair in conditions affecting the brain, heart, liver, kidneys, skin, and muscles, as well as models of viral infection and oxidative injury. [1–8]

Published Articles:

1. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Therapeutic Paradigm.
Abbaszadeh H, Ghorbani F, Derakhshani M, Movassaghpour A, Yousefi M. Journal of Cellular Physiology.
2020;235(2):706-717. doi:10.1002/jcp.29004.

2. Biogenesis, Composition and Potential Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosomes in Various Diseases.
Yuan YG, Wang JL, Zhang YX, et al. International Journal of Nanomedicine.
2023;18:3177-3210. doi:10.2147/IJN.S40702

3. Perspectives for Future Use of Extracellular Vesicles From Umbilical Cord- And Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/­Stromal Cells in Regenerative Therapies-Synthetic Review.
Lelek J, Zuba-Surma EK. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2020;21(3):E799. doi:10.3390/ijms21030799.

4. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived-Exosomes in Diseases Treatment.
Yaghoubi Y, Movassaghpour A, Zamani M, et al. Life Sciences.
2019;233:116733. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116733.

5. Therapeutic Applications of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes.
Abdulmalek OAAY, Husain KH, AlKhalifa HKAA, et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2024;25(6):3562. doi:10.3390/ijms25063562.

6. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Paradigm Shift in Clinical Therapeutics.
Chattopadhyay S, Rajendran RL, Chatterjee G, et al. Experimental Cell Research.
2025;450(1):114616. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2025.114616.

7. Recent Advances in the Application of Engineered Exosomes From Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine.
Abbasi R, Alamdari-Mahd G, Maleki-Kakelar H, et al. European Journal of Pharmacology.
2025;989:177236. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177236.

8. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Derived Exosomes Exhibit Anti-Oxidant and Antiviral Effects as Cell-Free Therapies.
Meng Y, Li C, Liang Y, et al. Viruses.
2023;15(10):2094. doi:10.3390/v15102094.

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Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous (from your own blood) biologic that delivers concentrated platelets and growth factors to injured or degenerated tissues to support healing. The strongest clinical evidence is in musculoskeletal conditions, especially knee osteoarthritis, tendinopathies, and some soft-tissue injuries.[1]

Published Articles:

1. Consensus Guidelines on Interventional Therapies for Knee Pain (STEP Guidelines) From the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience.
Hunter CW, Deer TR, Jones MR, et al. Journal of Pain Research.
2022;15:2683-2745. doi:10.2147/JPR.S370469.

2. Most Publications Regarding Platelet-Rich Plasma Use in the Knee Are From Asia, Investigate Injection for Osteoarthritis, and Show Outcome Improvement: A Scoping Review. 
Baird HBG, Ashy CC, Kodali P, et al. Arthroscopy : The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association.
2025;41(4):1184-1194.e19. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2024.03.030. New Research

3. Reporting in Clinical Studies on Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy Among All Medical Specialties: A Systematic Review of Level I and II Studies. 
Nazaroff J, Oyadomari S, Brown N, Wang D. PloS One.
2021;16(4):e0250007. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250007.

4. The Biological Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Skeletal Muscle Injury and Repair. 
Boivin J, Tolsma R, Awad P, Kenter K, Li Y. The American Journal of Sports Medicine.
2023;51(5):1347-1355. doi:10.1177/03635465211061606.

5. Platelet-Rich Plasma - A Comprehensive Review of Isolation, Activation, and Application. 
Rath M, Spinnen J, Kuhrt LD, et al. Acta Biomaterialia.
2025;:S1742-7061(25)00548-3. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2025.07.050. Leading Journal - New Research

6. Editorial Commentary: Platelet-Rich Plasma for Musculoskeletal Conditions Is Supported by a Large Number of Clinical Studies, Particularly for Knee Osteoarthritis.
Hohmann E. Arthroscopy : The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association.
2024;40(2):478-480. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2023.09.018.

7. Comprehensive Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy on Human Thin Endometrium. 
Zeng J, Quan J, Liu H, et al. Scientific Reports.
2025;15(1):14637. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99468-w. 

8. Advances in Platelet-Rich Plasma Treatment for Spinal Diseases: A Systematic Review. 
Kawabata S, Akeda K, Yamada J, et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2023;24(8):7677. doi:10.3390/ijms24087677.

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Current preclinical literature supports UC-MSCs and their exosomes as promising strategies to reduce inflammation, protect cartilage, and ease joint pain and osteoarthritis. 

Published Articles:

1. Role of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Reducing Sensory Neuron Hyperexcitability and Pain Behaviors in Murine Osteoarthritis.
Ai M, Hotham WE, Pattison LA, et al. Arthritis & Rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.).
2023;75(3):352-363. doi:10.1002/art.42353.

2. The Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes vs. Matrix-Bound Nanovesicles From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Osteoarthritis Treatment.
Klyucherev TO, Peshkova MA, Revokatova DP, et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2024;25(21):11564. doi:10.3390/ijms252111564

3. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Rat Model.
Wang Z, Hu Z, Niu L, Xu Y, Qi Y. Frontiers in Pharmacology.
2025;16:1588841. doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1588841.

4. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Relieve Osteoarthritis in Rats Through Immunoregulation and Inhibition of Chondrocyte Apoptosis.
Pan X, Li X, Zhang L, et al. Scientific Reports.
2023;13(1):14975. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42349-x.

5. Comparative Efficacy of Exosomes Derived From Different Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sources in Osteoarthritis Models: An in Vitro and Ex Vivo Analysis.
Sankaranarayanan J, Kim HK, Kang JY, et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2025;26(12):5447. doi:10.3390/ijms26125447.

6. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Alleviate Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Balancing the Population of Th17 and Regulatory T Cells.
Fu Y, Li J, Zhang Z, et al. FEBS Letters.
2022;596(20):2668-2677. doi:10.1002/1873-3468.14460.

7. Therapy Free of Cells vs Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Umbilical Cord Stroma to Treat the Inflammation in OA.
Morente-López M, Mato-Basalo R, Lucio-Gallego S, et al. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS.
2022;79(11):557. doi:10.1007/s00018-022-04580-z.

8. Enhancing the Therapeutic Potential of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Osteoarthritis: The Role of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Extracellular Vesicles.
Chang YH, Wu KC, Ding DC. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2025;26(8):3785. doi:10.3390/ijms26083785.

9. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as a Treatment Option for Osteoarthritis.
Vadhan A, Gupta T, Hsu WL. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2024;25(17):9149. doi:10.3390/ijms25179149.

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Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) and their exosomes/EVs (tiny extracellular vesicles that carry signals) are being studied for back pain from intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and discogenic low back pain. Early research suggests they may help by paracrine signaling (cells sending helpful signals to nearby cells), immunomodulation (adjusting immune responses), and possibly by maturing into disc-like cells.[1–4]

Published Articles:

1. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and Intervertebral Disc Regeneration: Review.
Bhujel B, Shin HE, Choi DJ, Han I. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2022;23(13):7306. doi:10.3390/ijms23137306.

2. Mesenchymal Stromal/­Stem Cells and Their Exosomes Application in the Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Disease: A Promising Frontier.
Widjaja G, Jalil AT, Budi HS, et al. International Immunopharmacology.
2022;105:108537. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108537.

3. Mechanism of Action of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in the Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Treatment and Bone Repair and Regeneration.
Liang W, Han B, Hai Y, Sun D, Yin P. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.
2021;9:833840. doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.833840.

4. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.
Huang H, Liu X, Wang J, et al. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.
2023;11:1215698. doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1215698.

5. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Chronic Discogenic Low Back Pain.
Pang X, Yang H, Peng B. Pain Physician.
2014 Jul-Aug;17(4):E525-30.

6. Cell-Based Therapies for Lumbar Discogenic Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Single-Arm Meta-Analysis.
Wu T, Song HX, Dong Y, Li JH. Spine.
2018;43(1):49-57. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001549.

7. Potential Role for Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy as a Treatment for Degenerative Disc Disease and Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review.
Soufi KH, Castillo JA, Rogdriguez FY, DeMesa CJ, Ebinu JO. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2023;24(10):8893. doi:10.3390/ijms24108893.

8. The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline of Interventional Treatments for Low Back Pain.
Sayed D, Grider J, Strand N, et al. Journal of Pain Research.
2022;15:3729-3832. doi:10.2147/JPR.S386879.

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UC-MSC–derived exosomes can penetrate human skin, stimulate collagen and elastin synthesis, and lessen UVB-induced photoaging in keratinocytes by decreasing apoptosis (programmed cell death) and senescence, and by downregulating MMP1.[4–5] Beyond aesthetics, the UC-MSC secretome (exosomes, conditioned media, and other soluble factors) accelerates wound healing, promotes angiogenesis (new blood vessels), and exerts anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidative effects in acute and chronic skin-injury models.[3]

Published Articles: 

1. The Combined Anti-Aging Effect of Hydrolyzed Collagen Oligopeptides and Exosomes Derived From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Human Skin Fibroblasts.
Zhu H, Guo X, Zhang Y, et al. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland).
2024;29(7):1468. doi:10.3390/molecules29071468.

2. Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Skin Aging of Nude Mice Through Autophagy-Mediated Anti-Senescent Mechanism.
Li T, Zhou L, Fan M, et al. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports.
2022;18(6):2088-2103. doi:10.1007/s12015-022-10418-9.

3. Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Promotes Skin Regeneration and Rejuvenation: From Mechanism to Therapeutics.
Li X, Zhang D, Yu Y, Wang L, Zhao M.
Cell Proliferation. 2024;57(4):e13586. doi:10.1111/cpr.13586.

4. Exosomes Derived From Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulates Rejuvenation of Human Skin.
Kim YJ, Yoo SM, Park HH, et al. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.
2017;493(2):1102-1108. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.056.

5. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Ameliorate HaCaT Cell Photo-Aging.
Liu SJ, Meng MY, Han S, et al. Rejuvenation Research.
2021;24(4):283-293. doi:10.1089/rej.2020.2313.

6. Therapeutic Efficacy and Promise of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Aging and Age-Related Disorders.
Zhang A, Li Q, Chen Z. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2024;26(1):225. doi:10.3390/ijms26010225.

7. Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Skin Antiaging Treatments.
Park JY, Jung SY, Yoo D, et al. ACS Nano.
2025;19(25):22504-22527. doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c17406.

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Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (U-MSCs) and their exosomes/EVs (tiny extracellular vesicles carrying microRNAs, proteins, and lipids) show immunomodulatory and therapeutic potential in autoimmune disease models. They act mainly through paracrine signaling (sending helpful signals rather than replacing cells), influencing both innate (first-line defense) and adaptive (learned, targeted) immune responses by shifting immune cell behavior and cytokine output.[1–3]

Published Articles: 

1. Exosomal miR-23a-3p Derived From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Remyelination in Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases by Targeting Tbr1/­WNT Pathway.
Qin D, Wang C, Li D, Guo S. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2024;300(1):105487. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105487.

2. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their Therapeutic Use in Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disorders.
Allegretta C, D'Amico E, Manuti V, Avolio C, Conese M. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(7):3829. doi:10.3390/ijms23073829.

3. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Alleviate Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Balancing the Population of Th17 and Regulatory T Cells.
Fu Y, Li J, Zhang Z, et al. FEBS Letters. 2022;596(20):2668-2677. doi:10.1002/1873-3468.14460.

4. Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on Autoimmune Diseases.
Shen Z, Huang W, Liu J, et al. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021;12:749192. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.749192.

5. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Show Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Properties via Upregulation of miRNAs After Pro-Inflammatory Priming.
Hyland M, Mennan C, Davies R, et al. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. 2023;19(7):2391-2406. doi:10.1007/s12015-023-10586-2.

6. Therapeutic Prospects of MicroRNAs Carried by Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Autoimmune Diseases.
Liu H, Chen Y, Yin G, Xie Q. Life Sciences. 2021;277:119458. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119458.

7. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Extracellular Vesicles Regulate Acquired Immune Response of Lupus Mouse in Vitro.
Xie M, Li C, She Z, et al. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):13101. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17331-8.

8. UC-BSCs Exosomes Regulate Th17/­Treg Balance in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus via miR-19b/­KLF13.
Tu J, Zheng N, Mao C, et al. Cells. 2022;11(24):4123. doi:10.3390/cells11244123.

9. hUCMSC-derived Exosomes Protect Against GVHD-induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in CD4+ T Cells by Targeting the miR-16-5p/­ATF6/­CHOP Axis.
Li W, Si Y, Wang Y, et al. International Immunopharmacology. 2024;135:112315. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112315.

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Umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) and their exosomes (nano-sized vesicles that carry microRNAs [small gene regulators], proteins, and cytokines [cell-signaling molecules]) show promise for brain and cognitive support in preclinical studies. Their benefits appear to come mainly from paracrine signaling (cells sending helpful messages rather than replacing tissue), leading to neuroprotection, immune calming, and support for repair.[1–3]

Published Articles:

1. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as New Remedy for the Treatment of Neurocognitive Disorders.
Harrell CR, Volarevic A, Djonov V, Volarevic V.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(3):1433. doi:10.3390/ijms22031433.

2. Emerging Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell and Exosome Therapies in Treating Cognitive Impairment.
Tew VK, Barathan M, Nordin F, Law JX, Ng MH.
Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(3):284. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17030284.

3. Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and miRNAs in Neuronal Regeneration and Rejuvenation in Neurological Disorders: A Mini Review.
Salehpour A, Karimi Z, Ghasemi Zadeh M, et al.
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2024;18:1427525. doi:10.3389/fncel.2024.1427525.

4. Exosomes Isolated From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Neuroinflammation and Reduce Amyloid-Beta Deposition by Modulating Microglial Activation in Alzheimer's Disease.
Ding M, Shen Y, Wang P, et al.
Neurochemical Research. 2018;43(11):2165-2177. doi:10.1007/s11064-018-2641-5.

5. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Provide Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury Through the lncRNA TUBB6/­Nrf2 Pathway.
Zhang L, Bai W, Peng Y, Lin Y, Tian M.
Brain Research. 2024;1824:148689. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148689.

6. Exosomal miR-23a-3p Derived From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Remyelination in Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases by Targeting Tbr1/­WNT Pathway.
Qin D, Wang C, Li D, Guo S.
The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2024;300(1):105487. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105487.

7. Exosomes From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuates Stress-Induced Hippocampal Dysfunctions.
Niu Y, Wang X, Li M, Niu B.
Metabolic Brain Disease. 2020;35(8):1329-1340. doi:10.1007/s11011-019-00514-0.

8. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Exosomes Improve Cognitive Function in the Aging Brain by Promoting Neurogenesis.
Zhang X, Hou X, Te L, et al.
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2022;14:1010562. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.1010562. 

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Umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) and their exosomes (tiny extracellular vesicles that carry signals) show early promise for helping with hair loss, including androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and alopecia areata (AA). In controlled studies, UC-MSCs and their exosomes increase growth and movement of dermal papilla cells(cells at the base of hair follicles that regulate growth) and keratinocytes (skin/hair cells), boost follicle regeneration, and push follicles into anagen (the growth phase).[1–6]

Published Articles:

1. Exosomes From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote the Growth of Human Hair Dermal Papilla Cells.
Chen YC, Tsai WC, Li ZX, et al.
PloS One. 2025;20(4):e0320154. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320154.

Hu S, Zhang J, Ji Q, et al.
Cell Biology International. 2024;48(2):154-161. doi:10.1002/cbin.12099.

4. Exploring Mesenchymal Stem Cells Versus Minoxidil for Androgenic Alopecia Treatment: A Detailed Animal-Based Histological and Morphometric Study.

Kamar SA, Naiem Hamdy K, El-Nefiawy NE, Mohammed H, Fetouh MA.
Cells, Tissues, Organs. 2025;214(4):298-314. doi:10.1159/000542547.

5. Restoration of Follicular Β-Catenin Signaling by Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Hair Growth in Mice With Androgenetic Alopecia.
Yan W, Liu J, Xie X, et al.
Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 2024;15(1):439. doi:10.1186/s13287-024-04051-1.

6. Protective Effects of Human Umbilical Cord Blood‑derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Against Dexamethasone‑induced Apoptotic Cell Death in Hair Follicles.
Bak DH, Lee E, Choi MJ, et al.
International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2020;45(2):556-568. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2019.4447.

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OmniStem Medical Glossary

This glossary reflects current scientific understanding and OmniStem’s clinical applications of regenerative medicine. Definitions are based on peer-reviewed research and established medical terminology.

Multipotent stromal cells capable of differentiating into various mesenchymal lineages, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. At OmniStem, we exclusively utilize umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (U-MSCs), harvested from Wharton's jelly within the umbilical cord. These cells demonstrate superior regenerative capacity, minimal immunogenicity, and possess inherent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that make them ideal for therapeutic applications.

Nano-sized extracellular vesicles (30-150 nanometers) naturally secreted by cells that function as intercellular messengers. U-MSC-derived exosomes contain bioactive molecules including proteins, microRNAs, lipids, and growth factors. These vesicles facilitate cellular communication, promote tissue regeneration, and demonstrate unique ability to cross biological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, making them particularly valuable for neurological applications.

An autologous blood-derived product obtained through centrifugation that concentrates platelets and their associated growth factors while maintaining optimal fibrin architecture. PRGF contains elevated concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which collectively enhance tissue healing and regeneration.

A concentrated preparation of autologous platelets in a small volume of plasma, typically containing 3-5 times the baseline platelet concentration. PRP releases growth factors upon activation, stimulating cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue repair mechanisms. This preparation serves as an adjuvant therapy to enhance the effectiveness of stem cell treatments.

Membrane-bound organelles responsible for cellular energy production through aerobic respiration. Often referred to as the "powerhouses of the cell," mitochondria convert glucose and oxygen into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In regenerative medicine, mitochondrial function is crucial for cellular metabolism, and U-MSC-derived exosomes can transfer functional mitochondria to damaged cells, restoring cellular energy production.

Multipotent stem cells that give rise to all blood cell lineages, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. These cells reside primarily in the bone marrow and are responsible for maintaining hematopoiesis throughout life. Unlike mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells are committed to blood cell production and do not contribute to tissue regeneration in the same manner as U-MSCs.

A coenzyme essential for cellular metabolism, existing in oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms. NAD+ plays a critical role in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signaling pathways. In regenerative medicine, NAD+ levels are associated with cellular health and longevity, and its enhancement may improve the therapeutic efficacy of stem cell treatments.

The primary energy currency of cells, consisting of adenosine bound to three phosphate groups. ATP provides readily available energy for cellular processes through hydrolysis of its phosphate bonds. In the context of regenerative medicine, adequate ATP production is essential for stem cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation capacity.

A highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates circulating blood from the brain and central nervous system. Composed of tightly joined endothelial cells, the BBB restricts the passage of most large molecules while allowing essential nutrients to cross. U-MSC-derived exosomes possess the remarkable ability to traverse this barrier, enabling direct therapeutic intervention in neurological conditions.

The administration of therapeutic agents directly into the venous circulation through venipuncture or venous access devices. This route ensures rapid systemic distribution and high bioavailability. At OmniStem, intravenous administration of U-MSCs (50-100 million cells) and exosomes (approximately 15 billion) allows for whole-body regenerative effects and optimal therapeutic distribution.

Membrane-bound vesicles within cells that participate in the endocytic pathway, responsible for sorting and trafficking internalized materials. Early endosomes mature into late endosomes, which may fuse with lysosomes for degradation or release their contents as exosomes. Understanding endosomal pathways is crucial for comprehending exosome biogenesis and therapeutic function.

A drug delivery method that converts liquid medications into fine aerosol particles for inhalation. In regenerative medicine, nebulized U-MSC-derived exosomes (1-3 billion exosomes) provide direct access to pulmonary tissues and, through nasal administration, can access the central nervous system via the olfactory pathway, bypassing the blood-brain barrier.

The direct injection of therapeutic agents into the joint space (synovial cavity). This targeted approach allows for high local concentrations of treatment while minimizing systemic exposure. Intra-articular delivery of U-MSC-derived exosomes provides focused treatment for joint pathology, including cartilage degeneration and synovial inflammation.

Anatomical region adjacent to the vertebral column, encompassing the space where spinal nerves exit the vertebral foramina. Paravertebral injections can target nerve roots and surrounding tissues for conditions affecting spinal structures, offering an alternative to more invasive spinal procedures.

Cytotoxic lymphocytes of the innate immune system that provide rapid response to virus-infected cells and tumor cells without prior sensitization. NK cells recognize stressed cells through activating and inhibitory receptors. In regenerative medicine, U-MSCs can modulate NK cell activity, contributing to their immunomodulatory effects and reducing inflammatory responses.

Bioactive proteins that regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival by binding to specific receptors and activating intracellular signaling cascades. Key growth factors in regenerative medicine include PDGF, TGF-β, VEGF, FGF, and IGF-1. U-MSCs and their derived exosomes are rich sources of multiple growth factors that orchestrate tissue repair and regeneration processes.