OmniStem Medical Glossary
Scientific Resources on Stem Cell Therapies
This glossary reflects current scientific understanding and OmniStem’s clinical applications of regenerative medicine. Definitions are based on peer-reviewed research and established medical terminology.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
Multipotent stromal cells capable of differentiating into various mesenchymal lineages, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. At OmniStem, we exclusively utilize umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (U-MSCs), harvested from Wharton's jelly within the umbilical cord. These cells demonstrate superior regenerative capacity, minimal immunogenicity, and possess inherent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that make them ideal for therapeutic applications.
Exosomes
Nano-sized extracellular vesicles (30-150 nanometers) naturally secreted by cells that function as intercellular messengers. U-MSC-derived exosomes contain bioactive molecules including proteins, microRNAs, lipids, and growth factors. These vesicles facilitate cellular communication, promote tissue regeneration, and demonstrate unique ability to cross biological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier, making them particularly valuable for neurological applications.
PRGF - Plasma Rich in Growth Factors
An autologous blood-derived product obtained through centrifugation that concentrates platelets and their associated growth factors while maintaining optimal fibrin architecture. PRGF contains elevated concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which collectively enhance tissue healing and regeneration.
PRP - Platelet-Rich Plasma
A concentrated preparation of autologous platelets in a small volume of plasma, typically containing 3-5 times the baseline platelet concentration. PRP releases growth factors upon activation, stimulating cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue repair mechanisms. This preparation serves as an adjuvant therapy to enhance the effectiveness of stem cell treatments.
Mitochondria
Membrane-bound organelles responsible for cellular energy production through aerobic respiration. Often referred to as the "powerhouses of the cell," mitochondria convert glucose and oxygen into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In regenerative medicine, mitochondrial function is crucial for cellular metabolism, and U-MSC-derived exosomes can transfer functional mitochondria to damaged cells, restoring cellular energy production.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Multipotent stem cells that give rise to all blood cell lineages, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. These cells reside primarily in the bone marrow and are responsible for maintaining hematopoiesis throughout life. Unlike mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells are committed to blood cell production and do not contribute to tissue regeneration in the same manner as U-MSCs.
NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
A coenzyme essential for cellular metabolism, existing in oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms. NAD+ plays a critical role in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signaling pathways. In regenerative medicine, NAD+ levels are associated with cellular health and longevity, and its enhancement may improve the therapeutic efficacy of stem cell treatments.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
The primary energy currency of cells, consisting of adenosine bound to three phosphate groups. ATP provides readily available energy for cellular processes through hydrolysis of its phosphate bonds. In the context of regenerative medicine, adequate ATP production is essential for stem cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation capacity.
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
A highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates circulating blood from the brain and central nervous system. Composed of tightly joined endothelial cells, the BBB restricts the passage of most large molecules while allowing essential nutrients to cross. U-MSC-derived exosomes possess the remarkable ability to traverse this barrier, enabling direct therapeutic intervention in neurological conditions.
Intravenous
The administration of therapeutic agents directly into the venous circulation through venipuncture or venous access devices. This route ensures rapid systemic distribution and high bioavailability. At OmniStem, intravenous administration of U-MSCs (50-100 million cells) and exosomes (approximately 15 billion) allows for whole-body regenerative effects and optimal therapeutic distribution.
Endosomes
Membrane-bound vesicles within cells that participate in the endocytic pathway, responsible for sorting and trafficking internalized materials. Early endosomes mature into late endosomes, which may fuse with lysosomes for degradation or release their contents as exosomes. Understanding endosomal pathways is crucial for comprehending exosome biogenesis and therapeutic function.
Nebulization
A drug delivery method that converts liquid medications into fine aerosol particles for inhalation. In regenerative medicine, nebulized U-MSC-derived exosomes (1-3 billion exosomes) provide direct access to pulmonary tissues and, through nasal administration, can access the central nervous system via the olfactory pathway, bypassing the blood-brain barrier.
Intra-articular
The direct injection of therapeutic agents into the joint space (synovial cavity). This targeted approach allows for high local concentrations of treatment while minimizing systemic exposure. Intra-articular delivery of U-MSC-derived exosomes provides focused treatment for joint pathology, including cartilage degeneration and synovial inflammation.
Paravertebral
Anatomical region adjacent to the vertebral column, encompassing the space where spinal nerves exit the vertebral foramina. Paravertebral injections can target nerve roots and surrounding tissues for conditions affecting spinal structures, offering an alternative to more invasive spinal procedures.
Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
Cytotoxic lymphocytes of the innate immune system that provide rapid response to virus-infected cells and tumor cells without prior sensitization. NK cells recognize stressed cells through activating and inhibitory receptors. In regenerative medicine, U-MSCs can modulate NK cell activity, contributing to their immunomodulatory effects and reducing inflammatory responses.
Growth Factors
Bioactive proteins that regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival by binding to specific receptors and activating intracellular signaling cascades. Key growth factors in regenerative medicine include PDGF, TGF-β, VEGF, FGF, and IGF-1. U-MSCs and their derived exosomes are rich sources of multiple growth factors that orchestrate tissue repair and regeneration processes.
Scientific References
Our reference library highlights peer-reviewed studies on stem cell and exosome therapies. Each citation links to original research, allowing you to explore how leading institutions are studying safety, mechanisms, and potential applications in regenerative medicine.
Stem Cell Therapy (UC-MSCs)
Intravenous umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (UC-MSC) therapy has been studied in neurological, immune-related and cardiac, conditions, UC-MSCs are cells from donated umbilical cords that may help regulate inflammation and support repair. Evidence is most developed in cerebral palsy, steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD; a serious immune reaction after transplant), and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (how well the heart pumps).
Published Articles:
1. Safety and Efficacy of the Intravenous Infusion of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Patients With Heart Failure: A Phase 1/2 Randomized Controlled Trial (RIMECARD Trial [Randomized Clinical Trial of Intravenous Infusion Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Cardiopathy]).
Bartolucci J, Verdugo FJ, González PL, et al. Circulation Research.
2017;121(10):1192-1204. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.310712.
2. Clinical Feasibility of Umbilical Cord Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
Riordan NH, Morales I, Fernández G, et al. Journal of Translational Medicine.
2018;16(1):57. doi:10.1186/s12967-018-1433-7.
3. Therapeutic Evidence of Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation for Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.
Gu J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al.
Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 2020;11(1):43. doi:10.1186/s13287-019-1545-x.
4. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Emerging Therapeutic Approach.
Gomes A, Coelho P, Soares R, Costa R. Cell and Tissue Research.
2021;385(3):497-518. doi:10.1007/s00441-021-03461-4.
Back ⌫
Exosomes
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell–derived exosomes (U-MSC-EXOs) are tiny packages released by cells that carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (the cell’s instruction molecules). They help cells “talk” to each other (intercellular communication). Preclinical studies and some early clinical work suggest U-MSC-EXOs can calm inflammation, adjust immune activity, combat oxidative stress (cell damage from reactive oxygen), and support tissue repair in conditions affecting the brain, heart, liver, kidneys, skin, and muscles, as well as models of viral infection and oxidative injury. [1–8]
Published Articles:
1. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Therapeutic Paradigm.
Abbaszadeh H, Ghorbani F, Derakhshani M, Movassaghpour A, Yousefi M. Journal of Cellular Physiology.
2020;235(2):706-717. doi:10.1002/jcp.29004.
2. Biogenesis, Composition and Potential Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosomes in Various Diseases.
Yuan YG, Wang JL, Zhang YX, et al. International Journal of Nanomedicine.
2023;18:3177-3210. doi:10.2147/IJN.S40702
3. Perspectives for Future Use of Extracellular Vesicles From Umbilical Cord- And Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Regenerative Therapies-Synthetic Review.
Lelek J, Zuba-Surma EK. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2020;21(3):E799. doi:10.3390/ijms21030799.
4. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived-Exosomes in Diseases Treatment.
Yaghoubi Y, Movassaghpour A, Zamani M, et al. Life Sciences.
2019;233:116733. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116733.
5. Therapeutic Applications of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes.
Abdulmalek OAAY, Husain KH, AlKhalifa HKAA, et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2024;25(6):3562. doi:10.3390/ijms25063562.
6. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Paradigm Shift in Clinical Therapeutics.
Chattopadhyay S, Rajendran RL, Chatterjee G, et al. Experimental Cell Research.
2025;450(1):114616. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2025.114616.
7. Recent Advances in the Application of Engineered Exosomes From Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine.
Abbasi R, Alamdari-Mahd G, Maleki-Kakelar H, et al. European Journal of Pharmacology.
2025;989:177236. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177236.
8. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Derived Exosomes Exhibit Anti-Oxidant and Antiviral Effects as Cell-Free Therapies.
Meng Y, Li C, Liang Y, et al. Viruses.
2023;15(10):2094. doi:10.3390/v15102094.
Back ⌫
PRP Rich Plasma Therapy
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous (from your own blood) biologic that delivers concentrated platelets and growth factors to injured or degenerated tissues to support healing. The strongest clinical evidence is in musculoskeletal conditions, especially knee osteoarthritis, tendinopathies, and some soft-tissue injuries.[1]
Published Articles:
1. Consensus Guidelines on Interventional Therapies for Knee Pain (STEP Guidelines) From the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience.
Hunter CW, Deer TR, Jones MR, et al. Journal of Pain Research.
2022;15:2683-2745. doi:10.2147/JPR.S370469.
2. Most Publications Regarding Platelet-Rich Plasma Use in the Knee Are From Asia, Investigate Injection for Osteoarthritis, and Show Outcome Improvement: A Scoping Review.
Baird HBG, Ashy CC, Kodali P, et al. Arthroscopy : The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association.
2025;41(4):1184-1194.e19. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2024.03.030. New Research
3. Reporting in Clinical Studies on Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy Among All Medical Specialties: A Systematic Review of Level I and II Studies.
Nazaroff J, Oyadomari S, Brown N, Wang D. PloS One.
2021;16(4):e0250007. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250007.
4. The Biological Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Skeletal Muscle Injury and Repair.
Boivin J, Tolsma R, Awad P, Kenter K, Li Y. The American Journal of Sports Medicine.
2023;51(5):1347-1355. doi:10.1177/03635465211061606.
5. Platelet-Rich Plasma - A Comprehensive Review of Isolation, Activation, and Application.
Rath M, Spinnen J, Kuhrt LD, et al. Acta Biomaterialia.
2025;:S1742-7061(25)00548-3. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2025.07.050. Leading Journal - New Research
6. Editorial Commentary: Platelet-Rich Plasma for Musculoskeletal Conditions Is Supported by a Large Number of Clinical Studies, Particularly for Knee Osteoarthritis.
Hohmann E. Arthroscopy : The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association.
2024;40(2):478-480. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2023.09.018.
7. Comprehensive Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy on Human Thin Endometrium.
Zeng J, Quan J, Liu H, et al. Scientific Reports.
2025;15(1):14637. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99468-w.
8. Advances in Platelet-Rich Plasma Treatment for Spinal Diseases: A Systematic Review.
Kawabata S, Akeda K, Yamada J, et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2023;24(8):7677. doi:10.3390/ijms24087677.
Back ⌫
Joint Pain and Sports Injuries
Current preclinical literature supports UC-MSCs and their exosomes as promising strategies to reduce inflammation, protect cartilage, and ease joint pain and osteoarthritis.
Published Articles:
1. Role of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Reducing Sensory Neuron Hyperexcitability and Pain Behaviors in Murine Osteoarthritis.
Ai M, Hotham WE, Pattison LA, et al. Arthritis & Rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.).
2023;75(3):352-363. doi:10.1002/art.42353.
2. The Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes vs. Matrix-Bound Nanovesicles From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Osteoarthritis Treatment.
Klyucherev TO, Peshkova MA, Revokatova DP, et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2024;25(21):11564. doi:10.3390/ijms252111564
3. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Rat Model.
Wang Z, Hu Z, Niu L, Xu Y, Qi Y. Frontiers in Pharmacology.
2025;16:1588841. doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1588841.
4. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Relieve Osteoarthritis in Rats Through Immunoregulation and Inhibition of Chondrocyte Apoptosis.
Pan X, Li X, Zhang L, et al. Scientific Reports.
2023;13(1):14975. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42349-x.
5. Comparative Efficacy of Exosomes Derived From Different Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sources in Osteoarthritis Models: An in Vitro and Ex Vivo Analysis.
Sankaranarayanan J, Kim HK, Kang JY, et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2025;26(12):5447. doi:10.3390/ijms26125447.
6. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Alleviate Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Balancing the Population of Th17 and Regulatory T Cells.
Fu Y, Li J, Zhang Z, et al. FEBS Letters.
2022;596(20):2668-2677. doi:10.1002/1873-3468.14460.
7. Therapy Free of Cells vs Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Umbilical Cord Stroma to Treat the Inflammation in OA.
Morente-López M, Mato-Basalo R, Lucio-Gallego S, et al. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS.
2022;79(11):557. doi:10.1007/s00018-022-04580-z.
8. Enhancing the Therapeutic Potential of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Osteoarthritis: The Role of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Extracellular Vesicles.
Chang YH, Wu KC, Ding DC. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2025;26(8):3785. doi:10.3390/ijms26083785.
9. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as a Treatment Option for Osteoarthritis.
Vadhan A, Gupta T, Hsu WL. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2024;25(17):9149. doi:10.3390/ijms25179149.
Back ⌫
Back Pain and Spine Conditions
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) and their exosomes/EVs (tiny extracellular vesicles that carry signals) are being studied for back pain from intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and discogenic low back pain. Early research suggests they may help by paracrine signaling (cells sending helpful signals to nearby cells), immunomodulation (adjusting immune responses), and possibly by maturing into disc-like cells.[1–4]
Published Articles:
1. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and Intervertebral Disc Regeneration: Review.
Bhujel B, Shin HE, Choi DJ, Han I. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2022;23(13):7306. doi:10.3390/ijms23137306.
2. Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells and Their Exosomes Application in the Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Disease: A Promising Frontier.
Widjaja G, Jalil AT, Budi HS, et al. International Immunopharmacology.
2022;105:108537. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108537.
3. Mechanism of Action of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in the Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Treatment and Bone Repair and Regeneration.
Liang W, Han B, Hai Y, Sun D, Yin P. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.
2021;9:833840. doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.833840.
4. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.
Huang H, Liu X, Wang J, et al. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.
2023;11:1215698. doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1215698.
5. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Chronic Discogenic Low Back Pain.
Pang X, Yang H, Peng B. Pain Physician.
2014 Jul-Aug;17(4):E525-30.
6. Cell-Based Therapies for Lumbar Discogenic Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Single-Arm Meta-Analysis.
Wu T, Song HX, Dong Y, Li JH. Spine.
2018;43(1):49-57. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001549.
7. Potential Role for Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy as a Treatment for Degenerative Disc Disease and Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review.
Soufi KH, Castillo JA, Rogdriguez FY, DeMesa CJ, Ebinu JO. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2023;24(10):8893. doi:10.3390/ijms24108893.
8. The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline of Interventional Treatments for Low Back Pain.
Sayed D, Grider J, Strand N, et al. Journal of Pain Research.
2022;15:3729-3832. doi:10.2147/JPR.S386879.
Back ⌫
Healthy Aging and Longevity
UC-MSC–derived exosomes can penetrate human skin, stimulate collagen and elastin synthesis, and lessen UVB-induced photoaging in keratinocytes by decreasing apoptosis (programmed cell death) and senescence, and by downregulating MMP1.[4–5] Beyond aesthetics, the UC-MSC secretome (exosomes, conditioned media, and other soluble factors) accelerates wound healing, promotes angiogenesis (new blood vessels), and exerts anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidative effects in acute and chronic skin-injury models.[3]
Published Articles:
1. The Combined Anti-Aging Effect of Hydrolyzed Collagen Oligopeptides and Exosomes Derived From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Human Skin Fibroblasts.
Zhu H, Guo X, Zhang Y, et al. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland).
2024;29(7):1468. doi:10.3390/molecules29071468.
2. Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Skin Aging of Nude Mice Through Autophagy-Mediated Anti-Senescent Mechanism.
Li T, Zhou L, Fan M, et al. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports.
2022;18(6):2088-2103. doi:10.1007/s12015-022-10418-9.
3. Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Promotes Skin Regeneration and Rejuvenation: From Mechanism to Therapeutics.
Li X, Zhang D, Yu Y, Wang L, Zhao M.
Cell Proliferation. 2024;57(4):e13586. doi:10.1111/cpr.13586.
4. Exosomes Derived From Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulates Rejuvenation of Human Skin.
Kim YJ, Yoo SM, Park HH, et al. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.
2017;493(2):1102-1108. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.056.
5. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Ameliorate HaCaT Cell Photo-Aging.
Liu SJ, Meng MY, Han S, et al. Rejuvenation Research.
2021;24(4):283-293. doi:10.1089/rej.2020.2313.
6. Therapeutic Efficacy and Promise of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Aging and Age-Related Disorders.
Zhang A, Li Q, Chen Z. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2024;26(1):225. doi:10.3390/ijms26010225.
7. Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Skin Antiaging Treatments.
Park JY, Jung SY, Yoo D, et al. ACS Nano.
2025;19(25):22504-22527. doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c17406.
Back ⌫
Autoimmune Conditions
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (U-MSCs) and their exosomes/EVs (tiny extracellular vesicles carrying microRNAs, proteins, and lipids) show immunomodulatory and therapeutic potential in autoimmune disease models. They act mainly through paracrine signaling (sending helpful signals rather than replacing cells), influencing both innate (first-line defense) and adaptive (learned, targeted) immune responses by shifting immune cell behavior and cytokine output.[1–3]
Published Articles:
1. Exosomal miR-23a-3p Derived From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Remyelination in Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases by Targeting Tbr1/WNT Pathway.
Qin D, Wang C, Li D, Guo S. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2024;300(1):105487. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105487.
2. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their Therapeutic Use in Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disorders.
Allegretta C, D'Amico E, Manuti V, Avolio C, Conese M. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(7):3829. doi:10.3390/ijms23073829.
3. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Alleviate Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Balancing the Population of Th17 and Regulatory T Cells.
Fu Y, Li J, Zhang Z, et al. FEBS Letters. 2022;596(20):2668-2677. doi:10.1002/1873-3468.14460.
4. Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on Autoimmune Diseases.
Shen Z, Huang W, Liu J, et al. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021;12:749192. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.749192.
5. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Show Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Properties via Upregulation of miRNAs After Pro-Inflammatory Priming.
Hyland M, Mennan C, Davies R, et al. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. 2023;19(7):2391-2406. doi:10.1007/s12015-023-10586-2.
6. Therapeutic Prospects of MicroRNAs Carried by Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Autoimmune Diseases.
Liu H, Chen Y, Yin G, Xie Q. Life Sciences. 2021;277:119458. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119458.
7. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Extracellular Vesicles Regulate Acquired Immune Response of Lupus Mouse in Vitro.
Xie M, Li C, She Z, et al. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):13101. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17331-8.
8. UC-BSCs Exosomes Regulate Th17/Treg Balance in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus via miR-19b/KLF13.
Tu J, Zheng N, Mao C, et al. Cells. 2022;11(24):4123. doi:10.3390/cells11244123.
9. hUCMSC-derived Exosomes Protect Against GVHD-induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in CD4+ T Cells by Targeting the miR-16-5p/ATF6/CHOP Axis.
Li W, Si Y, Wang Y, et al. International Immunopharmacology. 2024;135:112315. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112315.
Back ⌫
Neurological and Cognitive Support
Umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) and their exosomes (nano-sized vesicles that carry microRNAs [small gene regulators], proteins, and cytokines [cell-signaling molecules]) show promise for brain and cognitive support in preclinical studies. Their benefits appear to come mainly from paracrine signaling (cells sending helpful messages rather than replacing tissue), leading to neuroprotection, immune calming, and support for repair.[1–3]
Published Articles:
1. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as New Remedy for the Treatment of Neurocognitive Disorders.
Harrell CR, Volarevic A, Djonov V, Volarevic V.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(3):1433. doi:10.3390/ijms22031433.
2. Emerging Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell and Exosome Therapies in Treating Cognitive Impairment.
Tew VK, Barathan M, Nordin F, Law JX, Ng MH.
Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(3):284. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17030284.
3. Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and miRNAs in Neuronal Regeneration and Rejuvenation in Neurological Disorders: A Mini Review.
Salehpour A, Karimi Z, Ghasemi Zadeh M, et al.
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2024;18:1427525. doi:10.3389/fncel.2024.1427525.
4. Exosomes Isolated From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Neuroinflammation and Reduce Amyloid-Beta Deposition by Modulating Microglial Activation in Alzheimer's Disease.
Ding M, Shen Y, Wang P, et al.
Neurochemical Research. 2018;43(11):2165-2177. doi:10.1007/s11064-018-2641-5.
5. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Provide Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury Through the lncRNA TUBB6/Nrf2 Pathway.
Zhang L, Bai W, Peng Y, Lin Y, Tian M.
Brain Research. 2024;1824:148689. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148689.
6. Exosomal miR-23a-3p Derived From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Remyelination in Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases by Targeting Tbr1/WNT Pathway.
Qin D, Wang C, Li D, Guo S.
The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2024;300(1):105487. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105487.
7. Exosomes From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuates Stress-Induced Hippocampal Dysfunctions.
Niu Y, Wang X, Li M, Niu B.
Metabolic Brain Disease. 2020;35(8):1329-1340. doi:10.1007/s11011-019-00514-0.
8. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Exosomes Improve Cognitive Function in the Aging Brain by Promoting Neurogenesis.
Zhang X, Hou X, Te L, et al.
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2022;14:1010562. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.1010562.
Back ⌫
Hair Loss - Alopecia
Umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) and their exosomes (tiny extracellular vesicles that carry signals) show early promise for helping with hair loss, including androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and alopecia areata (AA). In controlled studies, UC-MSCs and their exosomes increase growth and movement of dermal papilla cells(cells at the base of hair follicles that regulate growth) and keratinocytes (skin/hair cells), boost follicle regeneration, and push follicles into anagen (the growth phase).[1–6]
Published Articles:
1. Exosomes From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote the Growth of Human Hair Dermal Papilla Cells.
Chen YC, Tsai WC, Li ZX, et al.
PloS One. 2025;20(4):e0320154. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320154.
2. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Enhance Follicular Regeneration in Androgenetic Alopecia via Activation of WNT/Β-Catenin Pathway.
Yu A, Zhang Y, Zhong S, Yang Z, Xie M.
Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 2025;16(1):418. doi:10.1186/s13287-025-04538-5.
Hu S, Zhang J, Ji Q, et al.
Cell Biology International. 2024;48(2):154-161. doi:10.1002/cbin.12099.
Kamar SA, Naiem Hamdy K, El-Nefiawy NE, Mohammed H, Fetouh MA.
Cells, Tissues, Organs. 2025;214(4):298-314. doi:10.1159/000542547.
5. Restoration of Follicular Β-Catenin Signaling by Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Hair Growth in Mice With Androgenetic Alopecia.
Yan W, Liu J, Xie X, et al.
Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 2024;15(1):439. doi:10.1186/s13287-024-04051-1.
6. Protective Effects of Human Umbilical Cord Blood‑derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Against Dexamethasone‑induced Apoptotic Cell Death in Hair Follicles.
Bak DH, Lee E, Choi MJ, et al.
International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2020;45(2):556-568. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2019.4447.
7. Migration Inhibitory Factor in Conditioned Medium From Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Stimulates Hair Growth.
Oh HA, Kwak J, Kim BJ, et al.
Cells. 2020;9(6):E1344. doi:10.3390/cells9061344.
Back ⌫
Frequently Asked Questions
Empowering Patients Through Knowledge: This FAQ section is designed to provide clear and concise answers to the most common questions, covering everything from the fundamentals of stem cell therapy to the specifics of our treatments and protocols.
Regenerative Medicine
What is Regenerative Medicine?
Regenerative medicine is a medical field focused on supporting the body’s ability to repair or restore damaged tissues. It uses biologics such as mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes to modulate inflammation, promote healing, and potentially improve outcomes in conditions involving joint pain, neurological disorders, and chronic inflammation.
What are Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UC-MSCs)?
UC-MSCs are adult stem cells found in Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord. They can differentiate into bone, cartilage, and fat cells. Because of these properties, they are widely studied for their potential in regenerative medicine.
What are UC-MSC–derived Exosomes?
Exosomes are small vesicles released by cells that carry proteins, growth factors, and genetic material. They play a role in cell-to-cell communication and influence biological processes such as immune modulation and tissue repair. Exosomes derived from UC-MSCs are obtained from ethically donated umbilical cords and are investigated for their potential to support cellular regeneration. Unlike stem cells, exosomes do not replace cells but deliver molecular signals that may help regulate inflammation and repair processes.
Are UC-MSCs available in the U.S.?
In the U.S., stem cell therapies are FDA-approved mainly for blood and immune disorders, particularly bone marrow transplantation. Current regulations do not allow the expanded use of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for other conditions. For this reason, some patients seek treatment in countries where different regulatory frameworks permit broader applications.
Are stem cell treatments covered by insurance?
At present, UC-MSC and exosome treatments are considered investigational and are not typically covered by most insurance plans.
Treatments Procedures
What regenerative medicine treatments does OmniStem offer?
Primary biologics: UC-MSCs, UC-MSC–derived exosomes
Complementary therapies: Ozone therapy, colon hydrotherapy, IV infusions, physiotherapy, PRP (platelet-rich plasma), PRGF (plasma rich in growth factors)
How long does treatment take?
IV infusions: ~1 hour
Localized injections: ~40 minutes
Complete treatment programs may span 3–5 days, including evaluation, administration, and follow-up. Duration varies by individual protocol.
Are there age restrictions?
There is no fixed upper age limit. Eligibility is based on overall health and medical evaluation, not chronological age.
What are the potential risks?
UC-MSC and exosome therapies are generally well tolerated, but possible risks include:
- Temporary localized inflammation at injection sites
- Rare allergic reactions
- Variable response depending on health status
All biologics are ethically sourced, screened, and processed under international biosafety standards.
How long do results last?
Response varies by condition. Some patients may see benefits lasting months to years, while others may require maintenance treatments. Outcomes depend on individual health, condition severity, and adherence to care recommendations.
Who is an ideal candidate?
Candidates include patients with musculoskeletal injuries, degenerative conditions, or chronic inflammation, as well as individuals pursuing wellness and recovery support. Final eligibility is determined through medical evaluation.
Can UC-MSC therapy be combined with other treatments?
Yes, but only under medical supervision. Certain medications, such as anti-inflammatory or steroid drugs, must be paused before and after treatment to avoid interference.
When can I expect results?
Some patients notice changes within weeks, while others require several months. Full therapeutic effects may take 6–12 months. The goal is to support natural repair processes rather than provide immediate relief.
What is the cost?
Treatment typically ranges between USD 8,000 – 18,000, depending on condition, protocol complexity, and supportive therapies. A detailed estimate is provided after consultation.
Are there post-treatment restrictions?
Yes, patients are advised to:
- Avoid alcohol and tobacco
- Avoid strenuous activity for at least one week
- Follow prescribed dietary and recovery guidelines
- Attend scheduled follow-ups
Travel & Accommodations
Where are facilities located?
Our main clinic is in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. We also maintain a presence in Pereira, Colombia.
Why Punta Cana?
The Dominican Republic has established advanced facilities for medical tourism, with internationally trained professionals and modern infrastructure. The tropical environment and established tourism network provide a supportive setting for recovery.
Why Colombia?
Our Pereira location provides access to experienced healthcare professionals and modern facilities, serving patients from Colombia and neighboring countries.
What languages does your staff speak?
Our core team is fluent in English and Spanish, with multilingual support available to ensure clear communication for international patients.
What concierge services do you provide?
We provide assistance with travel, accommodations, medical coordination, recovery planning, and local support, ensuring patients can focus on treatment while we handle logistics.